What are the five common sewage treatment processes（五种常见污水处理工艺是什么）The sewage treatment process is the core technology to ensure water quality purification and achieve water resource recycling. Here are five common and representative sewage treatment processes:
1、 Activated sludge process
Core principle: Organic matter in wastewater is adsorbed, oxidized, and decomposed by a suspended microbial community (activated sludge).
Common types and applications:
SBR (sequencing batch reactor)
Process: Cycle water intake, reaction, sedimentation, drainage, and idle according to the cycle.
Features: The equipment is simple, resistant to impact loads, and suitable for small and medium-sized sewage treatment (such as rural sewage treatment).
Advantage: No need for a secondary sedimentation tank, efficient processing can be achieved through time control.
A/O (anaerobic aerobic process)
Features: Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, with a total nitrogen removal rate of over 70% and a phosphorus removal rate of up to 90%.
Advantages: Low operating costs, no need to add chemical agents.
A ²/O (anaerobic anoxic aerobic process)
Process: Add an anoxic section on the basis of A/O and strengthen denitrification and denitrification.
Features: It can simultaneously remove organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, with high treatment efficiency.
Advantages: The effluent quality is stable, but the infrastructure and operating costs are high, making it suitable for high standard discharge requirements.
Oxidation ditch
Structure: Circular aeration ditch, sewage circulating flow.
Features: Push flow reaction, good effluent quality, low sludge production.
Advantages: Strong resistance to impact loads, suitable for large and medium-sized sewage treatment plants.
2、 Biofilm method
Core principle: Microorganisms attach to the surface of the carrier to form a biofilm, which decomposes pollutants through adsorption and oxidation.
Common types and applications:
Biological filter
Structure: Built in inert fillers (such as gravel and plastic), allowing for microbial attachment and growth.
Features: Good treatment effect, stable effluent quality, suitable for various water qualities.
Advantages: Save subsequent sedimentation tanks, easy maintenance.
Biological turntable
Structure: Composed of a rotating disk, partially submerged in water and partially exposed to air.
Features: High volumetric load, resistant to impact load, suitable for small and medium-sized wastewater treatment.
Advantages: Less residual sludge and no sludge swelling problem.
Aerated biological filter (BAF)
Structure: Combining biofilm and activated sludge process, with built-in filter material and aeration system.
Features: Simultaneously removing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, with a small footprint.
Advantages: Excellent effluent quality, suitable for high standard reuse needs.
3、 Membrane Separation Technology (MBR Process)
Core principle: Utilizing membrane components such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes to achieve solid-liquid separation, replacing traditional sedimentation tanks.
Characteristics:
Excellent effluent quality: suspended solids (SS) are almost zero, and the removal rate of bacteria and viruses is high.
High sludge concentration: maintain 8000-10000mg/L activated sludge, with high treatment efficiency.
Strong shock load resistance: suitable for scenarios with large water quality fluctuations (such as industrial wastewater).
Application scenario: High standard effluent demand (such as reclaimed water reuse, surface water discharge).
4、 Anaerobic biological treatment method
Core principle: Under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter into methane, carbon dioxide, etc.
Common types and applications:
UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed)
Structure: Wastewater flows from bottom to top through a high concentration sludge bed, where organic matter is degraded.
Characteristics: Efficient treatment of high concentration organic wastewater (such as food and chemical wastewater).
Advantages: Strong load capacity, recyclable biogas (bioenergy).
Hydrolysis acidification tank
Process: As a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of wastewater.
Characteristics: Improve the biodegradability of wastewater, often used in conjunction with aerobic processes.
Advantages: Reduce subsequent processing load and save energy consumption.
5、 Biological treatment methods under natural conditions
Core principle: Utilize natural ecosystems such as soil, plants, and microorganisms to purify wastewater.
Common types and applications:
Artificial wetland
Structure: Simulate natural wetlands, fill substrates (such as gravel), and plant aquatic plants.
Characteristics: Remove pollutants through plant absorption, microbial degradation, and matrix filtration.
Advantages: Low investment and operating costs, suitable for rural areas and decentralized processing.
Stable pond
Structure: Utilizing the self purification capacity of water bodies to treat sewage, and degrading organic matter by microorganisms in the pond.
Characteristics: Suitable for areas with abundant land resources but outdated technology.
Advantages: Easy maintenance, can be combined with landscape design.
Process selection criteria
Water quality characteristics: organic matter concentration, nitrogen and phosphorus content, toxicity, etc.
Processing objectives: emission standards (such as Class A, Surface Class III), and reuse requirements.
Economy: Infrastructure investment, operating costs, maintenance complexity.
Site conditions: land area, topography, climate conditions.
By selecting appropriate processes, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly goals can be achieved in wastewater treatment.
污水处理工艺是确保水质净化、实现水资源循环利用的核心技术。以下为您详细介绍五种常见且具有代表性的污水处理工艺：
一、活性污泥法
核心原理：通过悬浮生长的微生物群体(活性污泥)吸附、氧化分解污水中的有机物。
常见类型及应用：
SBR(序批式活性污泥法)
流程：按周期循环进水、反应、沉淀、排水、闲置。
特点：设备简单，耐冲击负荷，适用于中小规模污水(如村镇污水处理)。
优势：无需二沉池，通过时间控制实现高效处理。
A/O(厌氧-好氧工艺)
流程：污水依次流经厌氧池(脱氮除磷)和好氧池(降解有机物)。
特点：同步去除氮、磷，总氮去除率超70%，磷去除率达90%。
优势：运行成本低，无需投加化学药剂。
A²/O(厌氧-缺氧-好氧工艺)
流程：在A/O基础上增加缺氧段，强化反硝化脱氮。
特点：可同时去除有机物、氮、磷，处理效率高。
优势：出水水质稳定，但基建和运行成本较高，适用于高标准排放要求。
氧化沟
结构：环形曝气沟渠，污水循环流动。
特点：推流式反应，出水水质好，污泥产量少。
优势：抗冲击负荷强，适用于大中型污水厂。
二、生物膜法
核心原理：微生物附着在载体表面形成生物膜，通过吸附、氧化分解污染物。
常见类型及应用：
生物滤池
结构：内置惰性填料(如碎石、塑料)，微生物附着生长。
特点：处理效果好，出水水质稳定，适用于多种水质。
优势：节省后续沉淀池，维护简单。
生物转盘
结构：由旋转圆盘组成，部分浸没水中，部分暴露在空气中。
特点：容积负荷高，耐冲击负荷，适用于中小规模污水。
优势：剩余污泥量少，无污泥膨胀问题。
曝气生物滤池(BAF)
结构：结合生物膜与活性污泥法，内置滤料及曝气系统。
特点：同时去碳、脱氮、除磷，占地面积小。
优势：出水水质优良，适用于高标准回用需求。
三、膜分离技术(MBR工艺)
核心原理：利用膜组件(如微滤、超滤膜)实现固液分离，替代传统沉淀池。
特点：
出水水质优：悬浮物(SS)几乎为零，细菌和病毒去除率高。
污泥浓度高：维持8000-10000mg/L活性污泥，处理效率高。
抗冲击负荷强：适用于水质波动大的场景(如工业废水)。
应用场景：高标准出水需求(如中水回用、地表水体排放)。
四、厌氧生物处理法
核心原理：在无氧条件下，厌氧菌将有机物分解为甲烷、二氧化碳等。
常见类型及应用：
UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)
结构：污水自下而上流经高浓度污泥床，有机物被降解。
特点：高效处理高浓度有机废水(如食品、化工废水)。
优势：负荷能力强，可回收沼气(生物能源)。
水解酸化池
流程：作为预处理提高废水可生化性。
特点：改善污水可降解性，常与好氧工艺联用。
优势：降低后续处理负荷，节省能耗。
五、自然条件下的生物处理法
核心原理：利用自然生态系统(如土壤、植物、微生物)净化污水。
常见类型及应用：
人工湿地
结构：模拟自然湿地，填充基质(如砾石)、种植水生植物。
特点：通过植物吸收、微生物降解及基质过滤去除污染物。
优势：投资运行成本低，适用于农村及分散式处理。
稳定塘
结构：利用水体自净能力处理污水，塘内微生物降解有机物。
特点：适用于土地资源丰富但技术落后的地区。
优势：维护简单，可结合景观设计。
工艺选择依据
水质特性：有机物浓度、氮磷含量、毒性等。
处理目标：排放标准(如一级A、地表Ⅲ类)、回用需求。
经济性：基建投资、运行成本、维护复杂度。
场地条件：占地面积、地形地貌、气候条件。
通过合理选择工艺，可实现污水处理的高效、经济与环保目标。
